Paralinguistic

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<h1>PARALINGUISTIC</h1>
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<h2 class="h3-plus">What Is Paralinguistic?</h2>
<p><span class="Iemphasis">Paralinguistic</span> is the study of vocal signals beyond the verbal message. Some scholars classify paralinguistic as a branch of nonverbal communication.</p>
<p>According to Weitz, ed., “paralinguistics take great concern on <i>how</i> something is said, not on <i>what</i> is said” (1974: 94). This definition shows clearly that <span><a href="https://ifioque.com/nonverbal-communication/paralanguage" target="_blank" rel="noopener">paralanguage <span class="sr-only">Opens in new window</span><i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-edit fa-external-link"></i></a></span> has a stylistic function. Paralinguistics may thus also be defined as a kind of <span><a href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/phonostylistics" target="_blank" rel="noopener">phonostylistics<span class="sr-only">Opens in new window</span><i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-edit fa-external-link"></i></a></span>.</p>
<h3 class="PSpeciale">Scope of Paralinguistic</h3>
<p>In his survey of current trends in paralinguistics, Crystal shows that the scope of paralanguage has been defined in seven different ways as including:</p>
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<ul>
<li>Nonhuman as well as human <span><a href="https://ifioque.com/paralinguistic/vocalizations" target="_blank" rel="noopener">vocalizations <span class="sr-only">Opens in new window</span><i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-edit fa-external-link"></i></a></span>,</li>
<li>Nonvocal as well as vocal features of human communication,</li>
<li>All nonsegmental (‘suprasegmental’) features and some segmental ones,</li>
<li>Voice quality as well as (all or most) nonsegmental features,</li>
<li>Only nonsegmental features, but excluding prosodic phonemes and voice quality,</li>
<li>Only a subset of nonsegmental features other than prosodic phonemes and voice quality, and</li>
<li>Certain communicative functions, such as the expression of emotions or personality (1975: 47 – 64).</li>
</ul>
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<ol class="ol-ellipsis"></ol>
<p>1 and 2 are very broad definitions of paralanguage. While the first includes acoustic modes of <span><a href="https://ifioque.com/linguistic/zoosemiotics" target="_blank" rel="noopener">zoosemiotic communication <span class="sr-only">Opens in new window</span><i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-edit fa-external-link"></i></a></span>, the second covers the whole field of nonverbal communication.</p>
<h3 class="PSpeciale">Language and Paralanguage</h3>
<p>Paralinguistics has been conceived in a narrower and in a broader sense. The distinction between language and paralanguage raises the question of the scope of linguistics and phonetics in the study of verbal and vocal messages. The term paralanguage suggests a vast field of communicative phenomena beyond language.</p>
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<p>Not all vocal signals beyond language belong to paralanguage. For example, sneezing, <span><a href="https://ifioque.com/nonverbal-communication/yawning" target="_blank" rel="noopener">yawning <span class="sr-only">Opens in new window</span><i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-edit fa-external-link"></i></a></span>, coughing, and snoring are vocal signals that are usually excluded from paralinguistics. These vocal signals are defined as “vocal reflexes” (Crystal 1969: 131) because they are usually uncontrolled and physiologically determined. Lyons characterizes the semiotic status of such vocal reflexes as follows:</p>
<blockquote>
<ul class="define-terms">
<li>Although they are signals, in the sense that they are transmitted (for the most part involuntarily) and can be interpreted by the receiver, no one would wish to regard them as being other than external to language.</li>
<li>When they occur as physiological reflexes during speech, they merely introduce noise into the channel; and when, by prior individual or cultural convention, they are deliberately produced for the purpose of communication (when, for example, we cough to warn a speaker that he might be overheard by someone approaching), they operate outside and independently of language. (1977: 58)</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
<p>Human acoustic communication beyond paralanguage (and, of course, music) includes some further phenomena which have not yet been (and perhaps will never be) recognized as an area of semiotic study.</p>
<p>Only Wescott has so far proposed to study this area of “communicative body noise” under the designation of <i>strepistics</i>. Among his examples of “strepitative behavior” are hand-clapping, foot-stamping, face-slapping, tooth-gnashing, whistling, and spitting (1966: 350 – 51).</p>
<h3 class="PSpeciale">Typology of Paralanguage</h3>
<p>An early influential classification of paralanguage was proposed by Trager (1958; 1961). Trager also developed a system of notation of paralinguistic behavior which has been applied in the transcription of psychiatric interviews.</p>
<p>Trager’s system distinguishes three domains of vocal behavior: <i>voice set,</i> which he considers prelinguistic, <i>voice quality,</i> and <i>vocalizations,</i> all of which he describes as paralinguistic (1958: 3 – 4; cf. Pittenger & Smith 1957).</p>
<table class="reg-verbs"><caption>Voice Set</caption>
<tbody>
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<td class="tdAlign">
<p><span class="Iemphasis">Voice set</span>, according to Trager (1958), is the idiosyncratic background of speech. It comprises the permanent or quasi-permanent voice characteristics which are due to the speaker’s physiology (age, sex, health, etc.), e.g., timbre, natural pitch height, or volume of the voice. Laver & Trudgill (1979) characterize these voice features as “informative” but not “communicative.” The domain of voice set is not always distinguished from that of voice quality (cf. Fährmann 1960, Crystal 1975: 53).</p>
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</table>
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<table class="reg-verbs"><caption>Voice Quality</caption>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="tdAlign">
<p><span class="Iemphasis">Voice qualities</span> are speech variables which characterize a speaker’s “tone of voice” in adjustment to situational factors. Trager classifies them as follows (1958: 5):</p>
<ul class="bulleted">
<li>pitch range and control (spread or narrowed [as in monotone speech])</li>
<li>vocal lip control (from hoarseness to openness)</li>
<li>glottis control (sharp or smooth transitions)</li>
<li>articulatory control (forceful vs. relaxed speech)</li>
<li>rhythm control (smooth or jerky)</li>
<li>resonance (from resonant to thin)</li>
<li>tempo (increased or decreased)</li>
</ul>
</td>
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</tbody>
</table>
<table class="reg-verbs"><caption>Vocalizations</caption>
<tbody>
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<td class="tdAlign">
<p><span class="Iemphasis">Vocalizations</span>, according to Trager, are “actual specifically identifiable noises (sounds) or aspects of noises” which do not belong to the general background characteristics of speech (1958: 5 – 6.)</p>
<p>Trager distinguishes three kinds of vocalizations:</p>
<ul class="dotList">
<li><span class="colorEmp">Vocal characterizers</span> which consists when we ‘talk through’ (laughing, crying, snickering, giggling, whimpering, and sobbing; yelling, moaning, groaning, whining, breaking and belching);</li>
<li><span class="colorEmp">Vocal qualifiers</span>, i.e., variations of intensity (overloud, oversoft), pitch height (overhigh, overlow), and extent (drawl, clipping), and</li>
<li><span class="colorEmp">Vocal segregates</span> which comprises segmental sounds, such as English “uh-uh” for negation, “uh-huh” for affirmation, or the “uh” of hesitation (ibid.).</li>
</ul>
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</tbody>
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<h3>Lessons To Improve Your Interpersonal Relationship Skills</h3>
</section>
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<h5 class="listHead">Communication Skills</h5>
<ul class="foot-items">
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/miscellaneous/interpersonal_skills" class="intps-skil">Interpersonal Skill</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/interpersonal-skills/communication" class="com-cation">Communication</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/interpersonal-skills/communication_process" class="com_process">Communication Process</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/miscellaneous/paralinguistic#"><b>6 Components of Communication Process</b></a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/miscellaneous/sender" class="sender">[Sender]</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/miscellaneous/encoding" class="encoding">[Encoding]</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/miscellaneous/message" class="message">[Message]</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/miscellaneous/channel" class="channel">[Channel]</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/miscellaneous/decoding" class="decoding">[Decoding]</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/miscellaneous/receiver" class="receiver">[Receiver]</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/miscellaneous/feedback" class="feedback">[Feedback]</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/miscellaneous/business_communication" class="bus-comm">Business Communication</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/interpersonal-skills/communication_patterns" class="com-patterns">Patterns of Business Communication</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/miscellaneous/serial-communication" class="serial-com">Serial Communication</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/miscellaneous/grapevine_communication" class="grapevine">Grapevine Communication</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/miscellaneous/nonverbal_communication" class="non-verbal">Nonverbal Communication</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/interpersonal-skills/communication_barriers" class="com-barrier">Communication Barriers</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/miscellaneous/classification_of_communication_barriers" class="cla-barrier">Classification of Barriers</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/interpersonal-skills/listening_skill" class="lstng">Listening Skill</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/listening/listening_process" class="list-pro">Listening Process</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/listening/levels_of_listening" class="lstn-levl">Levels of Listening</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/listening/empathic_listening" class="emp-list">Empathic Listening</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/listening/barriers_to_listening" class="list-bar">Listening Barriers</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/listening/listening_roadblocks" class="rdblk-list">12 Roadblocks of Listening</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/listening/poor_listening_behaviours" class="p-list-behv">Poor Listening Behaviour</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/interpersonal-skills/perception" class="perception">Perception</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/interpersonal-skills/perception_process" class="percp-pro">Perception Process</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/miscellaneous/frameworks_of_perception" class="perfrmwork">Frameworks of Perception</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/miscellaneous/Gombrich's_Perception_Theory" class="G_Theory">Gombrich Perception Theory</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/miscellaneous/barriers_to_accurate_perception" class="percept-bar">Barriers to Accurate Perception</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/interpersonal-skills/deception_detection" class="decp-detec">Deception Detection </a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/miscellaneous/interpersonal_deception_theory" class="decep-theory">Interpersonal Deception Theory</a></li>
</ul>
<h5 class="listHead">Communication Barriers</h5>
<ul class="foot-items">
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/communication-barrier/receiver-centric_communication_barriers" class="rev-centric">Receiver-centric Barrier</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/communication-barrier/sender-centric_communication_barriers" class="sender-centric">Sender-centric Barrier</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/miscellaneous/classification_of_communication_barriers" class="cla-barrier">Classification of Barriers</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/communication-barrier/intra-personal_communication_barriers" class="intra-barrier"><b>Intrapersonal Barriers</b></a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/communication-barrier/attitudinal_barriers" class="atti-barr">[Attitudinal Barrier]</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/communication-barrier/emotional_barrier" class="emot-barr">[Emotional Barrier]</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/communication-barrier/perceptual_barriers" class="percept-bar">[Perceptual Barrier]</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/communication-barrier/physiological_barriers" class="physio-barr">[Physiological Barrier]</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/communication-barrier/psychological_barriers" class="psycho-bar">[Psychological Barrier]</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/miscellaneous/the_mum_effect" class="mumefct">[The MUM Effect]</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/communication-barrier/interpersonal_communication_barriers" class="interp-barrier"><b>Interpersonal Barriers</b></a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/communication-barrier/semantic_barriers" class="semantic-bar">[Semantic Barrier]</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/communication-barrier/bypassing" class="bypassing">[Bypassing]</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/communication-barrier/jargon" class="jargon">[Jargon]</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/communication-barrier/technical_terminology" class="tech-term">[Technical Terminology]</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/miscellaneous/scientific_jargon" class="sci-jargon">[Scientific Jargon]</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/communication-barrier/environment-based_barriers" class="env-barriers"><b>Environmental-based Barriers</b></a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/communication-barrier/chronomatic_barrier" class="chro-barr">[Chronomatic Barrier]</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/communication-barrier/gender_barrier" class="gender-bar">[Gender Barrier]</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/communication-barrier/noise" class="noise">[Noise]</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/communication-barrier/organizational-barrier" class="organization-bar">[Organizational Barrier]</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/communication-barrier/physical_barriers" class="physical-bar">[Physical Barrier]</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/communication-barrier/technological_barriers" class="tech-barriers">[Technological Barrier]</a></li>
</ul>
<h5 class="listHead">Overcoming Barriers</h5>
<ul class="foot-items">
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/interpersonal-skills/overcoming_communication_barriers" class="overcoming-barriers"><b>Overcoming Communication Barriers</b></a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/interpersonal-skills/You-viewpoint" class="u-viewpoint">[You-viewpont (You Attitude)]</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/interpersonal-skills/using_the_you-viewpoint" class="using-Uviewpoint">[Using the You-viewpont (You Attitude)]</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/interpersonal-skills/receiver's_role" class="receiver-role">[Receiver's Role to Overcome Barriers]</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/interpersonal-skills/sender's_role" class="sender-role">[Sender's Role to Overcome Barriers]</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/miscellaneous/message-based_approaches" class="msg-appr">[Message-based Approach to Overcome Barriers]</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/interpersonal-skills/6Cs_of_effective_communication" class="six-cs"><b>Six (6) Cs of Effective Communication</b></a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/interpersonal-skills/Courtesy-6Cs" class="sixcs-ctsy">1st C → Courtesy</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/interpersonal-skills/Clarity-6Cs" class="sixcs-clty">2nd C → Clarity</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/interpersonal-skills/Conciseness-6Cs" class="sixcs-cncs">3rd C → Conciseness</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/interpersonal-skills/Concreteness-6Cs" class="sixcs-cncr">4th C → Concreteness</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/interpersonal-skills/Correctness-6Cs" class="sixcs-cort">5th C → Correctness</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/interpersonal-skills/Completeness-6Cs" class="sixcs-comp">6th C → Completeness</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/miscellaneous/culture" class="culture">Culture</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/interpersonal-skills/cross_cultural_intelligence" class="cros-culintel">Cross Cultural Intelligence</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/interpersonal-skills/cultural_intelligence" class="cul-intel">Cultural Intelligence</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ifioque.com/interpersonal-skills/social_intelligence" class="social-intel">Social Intelligence</a></li>
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